facultative pond advantages and disadvantages

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facultative pond advantages and disadvantages

Further, the ponds can be combined with aquaculture to locally produce animal feed (e.g. N and P) and is therefore appropriate for the reuse in agriculture , but not for direct recharge in surface waters. 0000007026 00000 n 0000000016 00000 n The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. 47 0 obj <>stream PEARSON, H. a. It has the characteristics of realizing the water cycle, which not only saves water resources, but also obtains economic benefits . It should be fully compacted and as flat as possible, and the completed height difference of the pond bottom shall not exceed 0. which doesn't represent ECHEMI's opinion. Leeds: Facultative Treatment Ponds are the simplest of all WSPs and consist of an aerobic zone close to the surface and a deeper, anaerobic zone. endstream endobj 48 0 obj <>stream Basins with surface areas many times larger than conventional biological reactors, that utilize relatively low . fish ponds). This makes them particularly suitable for developing countries where many conventional wastewater treatment plants have failed because water and sewer utilities did not generate sufficient revenue to pay the electricity bill for the plant (IRC 2004) (see also -financing projects). facultative pond advantages and disadvantages Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. 2nd Revised Edition, Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions Volume 1, Training Material on Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment, Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of Different Treatment Systems for Households or Neighbourhoods, Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes, Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems, Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Design Manual, Design Manual for Waste Stabilization Ponds in Mediterranean Countries. Communication Accommodation Theory Critical Essay. endobj The entire depth of this fairly deep man-made lake is anaerobic. Convert organic matter in sewage into aquatic crops, fish, waterfowl and other substances, and provide them for human use or other purposes . Your email address will not be published. 13 0 obj 8.1.1.4 The advantages and disadvantages of the stabilization pond treatment process. MILLS, S.W. Im~:{;L(5?T2Vs/IZ1sdm4i0LZ$&&Pl-F@:)}0$/R}~jZNg&[ag8Wz ~o X Case Study of the Facultative Lagoon System, Gestin de agua y saneamiento sostenible en zonas rurales, http://www.lagoonsonline.com/clinton-water-district.htm, Settle undigested material and non-degradable solids as bottom sludge, Break down biodegradable organic material, Further treat wastewater through sedimentation and aerobic oxidation of organic material, Reduce some disease-causing microorganisms if. % If the water is reused for irrigation, the salinity of the effluent should be controlled regularly in order to prevent negative impact on the soil structure. Answer: Introduction Communication is a process that helps to transfer information and knowledge as well as it helps to build up understanding between two or more peoples. Besides the poor economic situation and little political support, it is also the lack of training and research that contributes to this situation. 9 0 obj In addition, it is one of the few low-cost natural processes, which provides good treatment of pathogens. They are semi-centralised treatment systems combined after wastewater has been collected from toilets (see also wastewater collectionand user interface). _____ %PDF-1.7 Waste stabilization ponds are large man-made basins in which greywater, blackwater or faecal sludge can be treated to an effluent of relatively high quality and apt for the reuse in agriculture (e.g. . The purified sewage is introduced into the artificial lake and used as a water source for landscape and sightseeing . W&+I4@aI\'@ A plant, in contrast, must install an aerator to add oxygen to the water. To prevent leaching, the ponds should have a liner. endobj Perspectives are like filters: they compile and structure the information that relate to a given focus theme, region or context. <> October 13, 2010 no comments. 8 0 obj 0000007068 00000 n WSP are also recommended for the treatment in order to reuse the effluent in agriculture and aquaculture, because of its effectiveness in removing nematodes (worms) and helminth eggs (WHO 2006, Volume II), while preserving some nutrients. endobj There are three types of ponds, (1) anaerobic, (2) facultative and (3) aerobic (maturation), each with different treatment and design characteristics. 4 0 obj <> The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. Its particular focus is on how DFID assistance can best meet the needs of the urban and rural poor for water supply and sanitation services. 0000006296 00000 n It is the shallowest of the ponds, ensuring that sunlight penetrates the full depth for photosynthesis to occur. I]pc,>}u#A#jOV)viAHdO}t If used in combination with algae and/or fish harvesting, this type of pond is also effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent (TILLEY et al. Anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds as wells as aerated lagoon systems are presented as an appropriate solution in developing countries where sewerage systems are present. Table 15 provides a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of ponds with those of high-rate biological wastewater treatment processes. It is usually arranged diagonally . Construction can take place by semi- or unskilled labourers. 5m . Advantages and disadvantages of aerated, partial mix lagoons are listed below: Advantages Require less land than facultative lagoons. Blackwater, Faecal Sludge, Greywater, Brownwater, Faeces, Excreta, Sludge, Fertigation Water, Biogas (if anaerobic pond is covered). Clintons lagoon system was constructed in 1987. The pond body directly below the surface aerator of the aeration pond must be reinforced with concrete . The two lagoons are operated in series and cover approximately 26 acres. A berm can protect from erosion or the invasion by vegetation and a fence can protect the lagoons from people and animals and prevent that garbage is thrown in. Anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, while aerobic ponds are designed for pathogen removal (see also pathogens and contaminants). 6 0 obj For strong wastes (common in developing countries, as water consumption is low), the facultative pond is usually the biggest of all. 0000005847 00000 n b. The inlet and outlet should adopt multi-point water inlet and multi-point water outlet to make the water distribution on the cross section of the pond as even as possible . has lower running costs as a result of the low energy inputs. Advantages Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture Low operating cost No electrical energy required No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly Can be built and repaired with locally available materials However, large surface areas and expert design are required. Stabilization Ponds . There has been a critical error on this website. m}~pPeh'/H+:Z~PO{izUG[4@'a5uIUWI{r AwOU[XkotJ^JDB]$% pP2A=-__T[5O :-fS0'[t!(!AD#AySAuJv;$YL1d|iqvl p.E~0W 9w.OW x2 eM';j OB"#A}zC 3tkIt@v~o? The terrain can be fully utilized, and the structure of the structure is simple . A Thinkpiece on ecological sanitation, Sewage Fed Aquaculture Systems of Kolkata. Some further information on the physical design is given in ARTHUR (1983) and the international Water and Sanitation Centre(2004). However, when mean temperatures fall below 12 C during several month of the years, WSPs seem not to be appropriate (ARTUHR 1983). Reliable if ponds are maintained well, and if temperatures are not too low. If the design or operation management is not in place, it will cause secondary pollution . The anaerobic pond must be de-sludged approximately once every 2 to 5 years, when the accumulated solids reach one third of the pond volume. 8) What is the most common type of pond in use today? (2004): Facultative ponds should be constructed to a depth of 1 to 2.5 m and have a detention time between 5 to 30 days. Easy to operate. endobj 10 0 obj >}zUv6yS?iQpH3mB.Ib W?C?H' B`6ke@0wUSy=7I ^>z0WZ6n)/j&}. 1 0 obj G 6fo/lpn`n4JH@29h7g0\{f. IT experts - since 1997. The report suggests that emerging trends in low-cost, decentralised naturally-based infrastructure and urban wastewater management which promote the recovery and reuse of wastewater resources are increasingly relevant. The pond body is generally rectangular, and the corners should be rounded . Advantages and Disadvantages of WSP The advantages of WSP include: There are some advantages and disadvantages of the Oxidation ponds for smaller population area: Advantages Oxidation ponds will produce an effluent meeting, the recommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost with minimal operational and maintenance requirements. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ponds. EAWAG (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Dorothee Spuhler (seecon international gmbh), Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads, High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens, High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture, No real problems with flies or odours if designed and maintained correctly, Can be built and repaired with locally available materials, Effluent can be reused in aquaculture or for irrigation in agriculture, High capital cost depending on the price of land, Sludge requires proper removal and treatment, If the effluent is reused, salinity needs to be monitored, Not always appropriate for colder climates. In cold climates, the HRT and loading may be adjusted. (ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Waste Stabilization Pond? Oxygen is unable to be maintained at the lower layers if the pond is too deep, and the colour too dark to allow light to penetrate fully or if the BOD and COD in the lower layer is higher than the supply. 18 0 obj "!qAl0s +)\* `sDx>ZHJ,LE.wJgPbLj6dPfn? Waste Stabilization Ponds: A Design Manual for Eastern Africa. The effluent still contains nutrients (e.g. www.waterworld.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. 7) Ponds with upper portion _____ and the bottom portion _____ are called facultative ponds. n:'6(l]HJ{6| YaLZ]W[;|D't?zU3%0;?7t&j={'E: n.=\ll|YFn*L}H3. If used in combination with algae and/or fish harvesting (see Fish Pond), this type of pond is effective at removing the majority of nitrogen and phosphorus from the effluent. Is it dangerous to use it for food and wine? If you have any queries, please write EMERY, R. Figure 1: Stabilisation pond configurations: AN = anaerobic pond; F = facultative pond; M = maturation pond 2. Community-Based Technologies for Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse- options for urban agriculture, Index of dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMENT. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Wastewater Use in Agriculture, Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (Arabic), Epuration des eaux uses par Lagunage a Microphytes et a Macrophytes en Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre- Etat des lieux, performances puratoires et critres de dimensionnement, How to Select Appropriate Technical Solutions for Sanitation, Environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment for the implementation of the UNEP/GPA "Guidelines on Municipal Wastewater Management", Lagunas de Estabilizacion para Descarga de Liquidos de Camiones Atmosfericos, Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater. A Century-old Innovation of Farmers. However, expert design is still required (see also developing human resources). <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 12 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Only slightly polluted wastewater may be discharged directly into primary facultative ponds. <> Volume II. For multi-level stabilization ponds, separate gates should be set up at each entrance and exit of the stabilization ponds at all levels . endobj Ecosan. endobj It also considers aspects such as management and safety. 1 0 obj <> . <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> Perspectives are different frameworks from which to explore the knowledge around sustainable sanitation and water management. xref 20 0 obj irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. russian central bank rothschild. %PDF-1.6 % Required fields are marked *. Your email address will not be published. <> 0000001295 00000 n Advantages Disadvantages Low energy usage (feeding by gravity) Robust against load fluctuations . They are especially appropriate for rural communities that have large, open and unused lands, away from homes and public spaces and where it is feasible to develop a local collection system. <> endobj Technologies for these sanitation options are presented. 3m away from the pond surface . =WC[ho5:G/H\IZ )MZ sergei fedorov current wife; melbourne demons 2017; gonzaga assistant coach salary; tribal loans florida. endobj /_XOz[j Wz{{v~6duh@^uoWI8$z\5 xoj kP<6)xvZnQ<2~Uw:I@x1/z'R2RKI>?zz!9 rc[t`Yh)9J.r$H-ErcC>VTr+p BC4Dh= Before the exit of the stabilization pond, a scum baffle should be installed, but before the advanced treatment pond, no baffle should be installed to avoid trapping algae . <> [/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC] Facultative and anaerobic ponds may be charged with high-strength wastewater. endobj endobj Large surface areas required and needs to be protected to prevent contact with human or animals. endobj Ideally, several aerobic ponds can be built in series to provide a high level of pathogen removal. Wastewater pond technology with anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds in Trichy, India Wastewater treatment ponds in El Cerrito, Colombia. <> Photosynthetic algae release oxygen into the water and at the same time consume carbon dioxide produced by the respiration of bacteria. The design of the pond body should consider impact resistance and damage resistance . 10 0 obj 6 0 obj They use less energy than most waste water treatment methods. Settleable solids accumulate and are digested on the bottom of the pond. During anaerobic digestion, biogas is produced which could be collected by covering the anaerobic pond with a floating plastic membrane (PENA VARON 2004;WAFLER 2008). <> 21 0 obj 20 0 obj 8 0 obj <> are kevin campbell and sol campbell related taxera om fastighet till jordbruksfastighet (b) (i) Considering the discharge of organic effluent into a river, compare the processes of reaeration of the stream and the rate of decomposition of the organic waste for the four different zones of the polluted stream They are less efficient in cold climates and may require additional land or longer detention times in these areas. facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. endobj };kj?c?k'1$ 0 7 0 obj nt>}/wD4bFMGMx8|v91AG~8OM8|VQO\.G$J`[K{F\t2S_k5{h^$y0Y\uxTBI5mqf^?v{w78rkqrS|UQxiV8;u;4t{3j{IOrV;!Q] jZ[9NG9y/YM;Kcp=HzdPFayeNQ/HCE9OvFByv{tY+b[>(I/ For the most effective treatment, WSPs should . 6) _____ Ponds have no dissolved oxygen throughout. <> CHrc!xGEc3"Xes.pS`yqGR9)G2 For the restricted and unrestricted reuse of the effluent in agri- and aquaculture, please refer to the WHO (2006) guidelines. endobj Design manual for designers, builders and operators on the design and operation of artificially constructed wetlands and waste stabilization ponds. According to the International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC), stabilisation ponds are the most cost-effective (semi-)centralised wastewater treatment technology for the removal of pathogenic microorganisms. Because of its high coliform bacteria removal efficiency, the effluent of AIWPS may be used for irrigation purposes. endobj <<0C81AFE751A7AE46B9A779547FC88B2D>]>> <> Total nitrogen removal in WSP systems can reach 80% or more, and ammonia removal can be as high as 95%. 9 0 obj Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are large, man-made water bodies. endobj The main advantage of anaerobic ponds in a system is that they reduce by as much as 50% the land required for the facultative pond. are widely used in activated sludge process and oxidation ditch process . Philippines Sanitation Source Book and Decision Aid, Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater excreta and greywater. endobj trailer endobj b) Facultative Pond, and /_XOz[j Wz{{v~6duh@^uoWI8$z\5 xoj kP<6)xvZnQ<2~Uw:I@x1/z'R2RKI>?zz!9 rc[t`Yh)9J.r$H-ErcC>VTr+p BC4Dh= Lagoon Technology International Ltd, MARA, D.D. 1. Lagoon Technology International, RPI Biogas may also be recovered for use when anaerobic ponds are covered with a floating plastic membrane (PENA VARON 2004) (see also reuse of biogas). Both have to deal with aeration of the water being treated, but in ponds, oxygen is transferred directly into the water across the surface area without the need for any equipment. In the case of high salt content, the use of the water for irrigation is not recommended. A solar pond is a pool of saltwater which collects and stores solar thermal energy. Advantages C Simple, reliable, biological process. catalina chicken recipe apricot jam Anasayfa; wright county, iowa police reports However, this depends on the availability of land and its price. <> 2008). In particular, the appendix and annex provide a working example and a simple methodology to help the designer in preparing adequately detailed designs. <>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Image/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Name/im1/Width 1926/BitsPerComponent 1/Length 2956/Height 2190/Filter/CCITTFaxDecode>>stream 7 0 obj Biological Wastewater Treatment in Warm Climate Regions gives a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment, particularly domestic sewage. @,HZK[%w{(>;K7 u("(PgPJhPZeV+Ni9Z;uu7MW]C~~ncyEwv The purpose of this guide is to assist local contracting authorities and their partners in identifying those sanitation technologies best suited to the different contexts that exist within their town. <> <>stream <> <> Lagoon systems require more land than other treatment methods. ^ZJw\xw@y9/#}m]Y"}. The ponds can be used individually, or linked in a series for improved treatment. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. Dar es Salaam/Copenhagen: They are simple to operate and maintain and generally require only part-time stuff. -Mx-BGT""D4h0D BOToBr M v:]O%W!dR5!Cd6h"0 ;(S#fn@8l.A="ps<2xCDT9]h2 f!@eu8\&eq!C@2G,r9#e5P'+@6pdqC4:5aGO\OOY|:A` =~uA.OONaS='t> *>o{ ":QwONp'KO~OmOo X\"di0'x? facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. This document provides information and instructions on waste stabilisation ponds. As a result of the photosynthetic activities of the pond algae, there is a diurnal variation in the concentration of dissolved oxygen. endobj ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of TFs are listed below. <> <> What are the advantages and disadvantages of these three Waste Stablization Ponds listed below: Wastewater stabilization ponds: Principles of planning and practice. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright The Water Treatments2008 - 2013. A study on management and institutional aspects regarding the challenges and possible improvements in managing faecal sludge. <> Although effluent from aerobic ponds is generally low in pathogens, the ponds should in no way be used for recreation or as a direct source of water for consumption or domestic use. Facultative ponds contain a supernatant (upper) layer that is aerobic, and lower layers that are anaerobic. Comparison of the treatment performance of different waste stabilisation ponds. May 28, 2022 . It covers both technical and non-technical (socio-cultural, economic, political etc.) The book has been divided in two parts. The Compendium gives a systematic overview on different sanitation systems and technologies and describes a wide range of available low-cost sanitation technologies. For facultative ponds sludge removal is even rarer and maturation ponds hardly ever need desludging. 51 21 endstream endobj 52 0 obj<. These ponds do not require primary treatment and the added depth is needed to handle the substantial increase in solids loadings. Almost all wastewaters (including heavily loaded industrial wastewater) can be treated, but as higher the organic load, as higher the required surface. duckweed) or fish (e.g. endobj 2005). plum healthcare group . 11 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]>> United Nations Environmental Program - International Environmental Technology Centre (UNEP-IETC) and Danish International Development Agency (Danida), MARA, D.D. To remove the algae from aerobic pond, effluents rock filtration, grass plots, floating macrophytes and herbivorous fish can be used, but most commonly, the effluent flows directly in a final maturation pond. 7 0 obj ALABASTER, G.P. (2006): c. If a multi-stage stabilization pond system is adopted, the overtaking setting should be considered between the stabilization ponds at all levels . The principal mechanisms for faecal bacterial removal in facultative and maturation ponds are HRT, temperature, high pH (> 9), and high light intensity. The relative advantages and disadvantages of ponds are compared to other small community treatment systems, such as rotary biological contactors, biological filters and reed-bed systems,. Unless they are property maintained, lagoons can provide a breeding area for mosquitoes and other insects. Various case studies are mentioned, e.g. <>stream It can beautify the environment and form an ecological landscape . Stabilisation ponds also have the advantage of very low operating costs since they use no energy compared to other wastewater treatment technologies and only low-tech infrastructure (see also operation and maintenanceand ensuring sustainability). The Clinton Water District provides a secondary level of wastewater treatment by using a facultative lagoon system. They are not very effective at removing heavy metals from waste water. to, Advantages and disadvantages of stabilization pond treatment process, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-base Balance, Longmen Town, Lintao County, Gansu Province, launched a large-scale investigation and major renovation of the starch processing industry, The Market Supervision Office of Longmen Town, Lintao County, Gansu Province, carried out a special inspection of food safety before the "Double Festival", Benxi biological hepatitis B and AIDS test box have been registered. Design must be carried out by expert. Waste Stabilization Pond Systems are summarized and Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond Systems (AIWPS) are investigated. 2. <> 0000003791 00000 n The construction structure is simple, and most of them are earth-rock structures. a) Anaerobic Pond, 4 0 obj An aerated lagoon can usually discharge throughout the winter while discharge may be prohibited from an ice-covered facultative . endstream Whereas anaerobic and facultative ponds are designed for BOD removal, maturation or polishing ponds are essentially designed for pathogen removal and retaining suspended stabilised solids (MARA et al. endobj facultative pond advantages and disadvantages facultative pond advantages and disadvantages. 1 0 obj Waste Stabilization Ponds and Constructed Wetlands Manual. 2 0 obj endobj The sewage treatment stabilization pond system can be used to make use of abandoned rivers, swamps, canyons, abandoned reservoirs and other areas. 5 0 obj <> Advantages Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads High reducution of solids, BOD and pathogens High nutrient removal if combined with aquaculture Low operating cost Two products can be put into production this month, The difference between PU and NC wood paint Seven differences to look at carefully. Compared to conventional treatment processes, ponds and lagoons offer many advantages for smaller installations. What are lagoon systems?, Advantages and Disadvantages of Lagoon Systems, Two, Three or Four Lagoons are Better than One, Facultative Lagoons Treat Wastewater Naturally, Lagoons Use Simple Design, Lagoons Need Proper Operation, Maintenance, . The major topics covered are: microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment, reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics, conversion of organic and inorganic matter, sedimentation, aeration. 'b* [V;.Kih+'^\j_.OUzwt^ tah;,zGb'hLOY k_!uJUu^zX{h @cxxZIup y,"hA}[ Technical information on environmentally sound technologies in wastewater treatment. irrigation) or aquaculture (e.g. 19 0 obj The advantages of mass communication are as follows. aspects and provides practical information on design, financing and planning of faecal sludge treatment plants. 5 Stabilizing the pond body and its inlet and outlet (1) Design points of the stabilization pond the wastewater-fed fishponds in Calcutta in India. The principal objective of the study was to asses if existing treatment ponds could be used in the future as thickening ponds for the sludge. To prevent leaching into the groundwater, the ponds should have a liner. 0000001707 00000 n Case Study on the fishponds in sewage-fed lagoons in Kolkata. ()#2mVA'IQ>iJ\&6!K,\/H}Ku3 Qg5#C'N2Qc#l^U$q &n?Sdogl(a0wALSv>oQ;nqs}cHG This training manual emphasizes basics of biogas technology as well as design principles and technical considerations. Lagoons are one of the most popular methods for wastewater treatment around . Volume II of the Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater provides information on the assessment and management of risks associated with microbial hazards and toxic chemicals. HW~B$4vfzWe NwN:3yNRGJC?@B! This is the Arabic version of the Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. 1. The technical content was reviewed by Prof. Duncan Mara (University of Leeds, England). The documented systems, which vary significantly in terms of complexity, performance and costs, range from simple systems for single-house applications (e.g. endobj o2Ctdd5[I,L 3p,cL0uWEL%#N*dv 12 0 obj a. clarins or charlotte tilbury. Emery, R. KAYOMBO, S. MBWETTE, T. S. A. KATIMA, J. H. Y. LADEGAARD, N. JORGENSEN, S. E. <> Aerobic ponds are usually between 0.5 to 1.5 m deep with a detention time of 15 to 20 days . [/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC] endobj The anaerobic pond is the primary treatment stage and reduces the organic load in the wastewater. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Some advantages and disadvantages of facultative lagoons are listed below: Advantages Moderately effective in removing settleable solids, BOD, pathogens, fecal coliform, and ammonia. Ests aqu: research opportunities for high school students fall 2021; lakeside high school football; June 8, 2022. by priya tandon blackstone. Sludge can be removed by using a raft-mounted sludge pump, a mechanical scraper at the bottom of the pond or by draining and dewatering the pond and removing the sludge with a front-end loader. Facultative ponds typically range from 3 to 8 feet in depth. Detailed design, operation and maintenance guidance is given. 18 0 obj <>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Image/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Name/im1/Width 1926/BitsPerComponent 1/Length 2956/Height 2190/Filter/CCITTFaxDecode>>stream WSPs are among the most common and efficient methods of wastewater treatment around the world. To protect the pond from runoff and erosion, a protective berm should be constructed around the pond using the excavated material. However, because of the low capital and particularly low O&M costs it is a good option for decentralised treatments in developing countries.

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