festinger and carlsmith experiment quizletamtrak san jose to sacramento schedule
festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet
The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. in order to reduce dissonance. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. Oct. 2011. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. In the . Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. endstream endobj startxref JANIS, I.L. Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. experiment. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. If behavior is assumed to be caused by internal personality characteristics, this is known as___________. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: Alex was most likely engaging in________. The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. In 1959, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith looked to test Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. gsKkaO\Cw`c L J=x8;zy\kd7vHzl=1~6}4=m_IQfKn[3Mqwp0uyM-P:. . He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. 50 0 obj /ImageC After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. One Dollar condition. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Therefore the person's attitude changes. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Specifically, they showed that if a person is forced to improvise a speech supporting a point of view with which he disagrees, his private opinion moves toward the position advocated in the speech. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Initially, subjects will be told that they will be participating in a two-hour experiment. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. According to Sternberg, the emotional and psychical arousal a person feels for another is the_______ component of love. This study involved 71 male students from Stanford University, of which 11 students were disqualified. Instead the opposite happened. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. You have created 2 folders. /Text /Root 48 0 R They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. 0 For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. Like Explorable? Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Thus, if the overt behavior was brought about by, say, offers of reward or threats of punishment, the magnitude of dissonance is maximal if these promised rewards or threatened punishments were just barely sufficient to induce the person to say "not X." All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. Or is there something more nuanced at play? It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. 5. & JANIS, I.L. Cognitive Dissonance. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. While the S was working on these tasks the E sat, with a stop watch in his hand, busily making notations on a sheet of paper. 0000000609 00000 n Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? /ImageI Social Researcher. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. /H [ 658 210 ] The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. soc. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. Yet no one calls the police. The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. Let us review these briefly: 1. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). 1. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). The Scientific Importance of the Experiment. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. The five ratings were: 1. When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Two Ss (both in the One Dollar condition) told the girl that they had been hired, that the experiment was really boring but they were supposed to say it was fun. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. 0000011828 00000 n In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. The One Dollar condition is higher than the other two. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. >> Marco is using an example of. stream Cults use all of the following except_______to gain new members. 0000010660 00000 n First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. In this way, they propose, the person who is forced to improvise a speech convinces himself. A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". 0000000974 00000 n 4. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. To reduce the feeling of discomfort about lying, they persuaded themselves they actually enjoyed the experiment. A little more than 60 years ago, Leon Festinger published A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957). Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? They choose among the available experiments by signing their names on a sheet posted on the bulletin board which states the nature of the experiment. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? June 22, 2015 This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. 0000001089 00000 n Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. OP>$O '@n#} C Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in This person has two cognitions which, psychologically, do not fit together: one of these is the knowledge that he believes "X," the other the knowledge that he has publicly stated that he believes "not X." His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. 80 0 obj <> endobj Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. 0000000658 00000 n Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Half of the There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. 4. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Add to folder Her improved performance is an example of. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. That is it. To which he readily agrees. 3. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. To achieve consonance, something has to give. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. New York: Harper & Row. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. This is an example of which rule of attraction? B. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? What is the Sacrifice Trap? Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Some have already been discussed. Please sign in to share these flashcards. J. abnorm. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. DISCUSSION. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it.
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